What is graphene?

• Introduction of Graphene?

  
  

  
  

  Graphene is a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is the building-block of Graphite (which is used, among others things, in pencil tips), but graphene is a remarkable substance on its own - with a multitude of astonishing properties which repeatedly earn it the title “wonder material”.

• Graphene's main properties:

  Graphene is the thinnest material known to man at one atom thick, and also incredibly strong - about 200 times stronger than steel. On top of that, graphene is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity and has interesting light absorption abilities. It is truly a material that could change the world, with unlimited potential for integration in almost any industry.

  Potential applications:

  Graphene is an extremely diverse material, and can be combined with other elements (including gases and metals) to produce different materials with various superior properties. Researchers all over the world continue to constantly investigate and patent graphene to learn its various properties and possible applications, which include:
  • batteries
  • transistors
  • computer chips
  • energy generation
  • DNA sequencing
  • water filters
  • antennas
  • touchscreens (for LCD or OLED displays)
  • sollar cells
  
  
  Graphene is an exciting material that is getting a lot of attention - especially since the 2010 Nobel prize in physics went to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novosolev, who first isolated Graphene in 2004
  
  

  

  
  

Production of graphene:

Graphene is indeed very exciting, but producing high quality materials is still a challenge. Dozens of companies around the world are producing different types and grades of graphene materials - ranging from high quality single-layer graphene synthesized using a CVD-based process to graphene flakes produced from graphite in large volumes.

High-end graphene sheets are mostly used in R&D activities or in extreme applications such as sensors, but graphene flakes, produced in large volumes and at lower prices, are adopted in many applications such as sports equipment, consumer electronics, automotive and more.

Graphene products:

Several companies offer graphene and graphene based products. You may check our list of graphene related companies to find a company that offers the products you need.

In December 2011 Vorbeck Materials said that the Siren anti-theft packaging device, which uses their graphene-based Vor-Ink circuitry (shown below) has started shipping - and this was the world's first commercially available product that is based on graphene.

Today there are several more graphene products on the market. The sport industry was an early adopted, and as early as 2013 HEAD started shipping graphene-enhanced tennis rackets (called YouTek Graphene Speed series). Today one can buy graphene-enhanced helmets, ski equipment and even Lacrosse gear.

Graphene has also entered the consumer electronics market - for example Huawei's Mate 20 X smartphone, uses “graphene film cooling technology” for heat management purposes. Another high-profile company that adopts graphene is Ford - which is using graphene-reinforced foam covers for noisy components in its 2019 F-150 and Mustang cars. The graphene is mixed with foam constituents, and the resulting parts are said to be 17% quieter, 20% stronger, and 30% more heat-resistant

An interesting market for graphene is the sensors market. In 2016 for example San Diego-based Nanomedical Diagnostics (now called Cardea) started shipping its graphene-based sensors and the AGILE R100 system which allows for real-time detection of small molecules. The graphene sensor offers faster sample processing, greater accuracy, portability and cost savings.

WhatsApp features: How to read other's deleted message?

WhatsApp features: How to read other's deleted message?

WhatsApp, the most popular messaging app in the world, appeared in 2016 with a remarkable feature of Facebook's own app. And that feature is the option to delete the message. If you make a mistake or send a message to someone else, this feature is important enough. But when someone send you any message and delete that and you want to know the deleted message then what to do--

If someone deletes a WhatsApp message, the text that appears in the chat is 'This message was deleted. If you have an Android smartphone, you can read deleted messages again.

First download WhatsRemoved+ app from Google play store and after that install and open. Next set it up by accessing one request after another. Now select the app for which you want to save the notification. In other words, select WhatsApp from that list and then click on the next option on the next screen, tap on the allow button and then the saved files option will come up. And then the set up work will be completed. And the app will also be usable. From now on, all the notification that will came in WhatsRemoved+ app..

All states of matter explained

The four fundamental states

Solid

Solid-state materials are commonly grouped into three classes: insulators, semiconductors, and conductors. (At low temperatures some conductors, semiconductors, and insulators may become superconductors.)

Liquid

 A liquid is one of the states of matter. The particles in a liquid are free to flow, so while a liquid has a definite volume, it does not have a definite shape. Liquids consist of atoms or molecules that are connected by intermolecular bonds.

Gas

Gas is a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume. ... When more gas particles enter a container, there is less space for the particles to spread out, and they become compressed. The particles exert more force on the interior volume of the container. This force is called pressure.

Plasma

Plasma is a state of matter that is often thought of as a subset of gases, but the two states behave very differently. ... But unlike ordinary gases, plasmas are made up of atoms in which some or all of the electrons have been stripped away and positively charged nuclei, called ions, roam freely.

Non-classical states

Glass

Nowadays, "glassy solid" or "amorphous solid" is considered to be the overarching concept, and glass the more special case: Glass is an amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition. Polymers are often amorphous. Other types of amorphous solids include gels, thin films, and nanostructured materials such as glass.

Liquid crystal states

A liquid crystal is a state of matter between liquid and solid (a "mesophase"). ... Liquid crystals are composed of organic, rod-shaped molecules that align in parallel, and the common types used in electronic displays are nematic, cholesteric and smectic.

Microphase-separated

Microphase separation is the term used to describe the type of chain segregation which is able to occur in block and graft copolymers in the bulk state and in concentrated solution, and the structures generated by the packing of domains on the macrolattice are termed mesomorphic structures.]

Low-temperature states

Superfluid

A superfluid is an exotic state of matter with unusual properties. It has zero viscosity, which means it can flow across a surface and not slow down — or lose any energy — due to friction with the surface. Superfluids, such as liquid helium, must be cooled to extremely low temperatures for such properties to emerge.

Bose–Einstein condensate

A Bose-Einstein condensate is a group of atoms cooled to within a hair of absolute zero. When they reach that temperature the atoms are hardly moving relative to each other; they have almost no free energy to do so. ... Instead, the atoms fall into the same quantum states, and can't be distinguished from one another.

Fermionic condensate

A fermionic condensate, or fermi condensate, is a state of matter (superfluid phase) which is very similar to the Bose–Einstein condensate. ... The only difference is that Bose-Einstein condensates are made up of bosons, and are social with each other (in groups, or clumps).

Rydberg molecule

This latest discovery reveals a new state of quantum matter called a “Rydberg polaron,” a relatively giant particle containing many atoms that behaves in some ways like a single massive particle. ... These highly excited atoms were immersed in a gas that had been cooled to just a millionth of a degree above absolute zero.

Quantum Hall state

Nearly a century later, researchers earned a Nobel Prize for the uncovering special resistance-free conducting states, quantum in origin, that occur when at very specific magnetic fields. Known as the quantum Hall effect, these states, observed in two-dimensional structures, corresponded to new states of matter.

Photonic matter

Photonic matter is a phenomenon where photons interacting with a gas develop apparent mass, and can interact with each other, even forming photonic "molecules". ... This is in contrast to photons moving in empty space, which have no rest mass, and cannot interact.

Dropleton

Part particle, part liquid, a newly discovered "quasiparticle" has been dubbed a quantum droplet, or a dropleton. The dropleton is a collection of electrons and "holes" (places where electrons are missing) inside a semiconductor, and it has handy properties for studying quantum mechanics.

High-energy states

Degenerate matter

Degenerate matter is a highly dense state of fermionic matter in which particles must occupy high states of kinetic energy to satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle. The description applies to matter composed of electrons, protons, neutrons or other fermions.

Quark matter

An extremely dense phase of matter made up of subatomic particles called quarks – may exist at the heart of neutron stars. It can also be created for brief moments in particle colliders on Earth, such as CERN's Large Hadron Collider. But the collective behaviour of quark matter isn't easy to pin down.

Color-glass condensate

"At some point, the splitting of gluons inside the proton reaches a limit at which the multiplication of gluons ceases to increase. Such a state is known as the color glass condensate, a hypothesized phase of matter that is thought to exist in very high-energy protons and as well as in heavy nuclei."

Other states

Supersolid

A supersolid is a special quantum state of matter where particles form a rigid, spatially ordered structure, but also flow with zero viscosity.

String-net liquid

In condensed matter physics, a string-net is an extended object whose collective behavior has been proposed as a physical mechanism for topological order by Michael A. Levin and Xiao-Gang Wen. A particular string-net model may involve only closed loops; or networks of oriented, labeled strings obeying branching rules given by some gauge group; or still more general networks.

Superglass

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A superglass is a phase of matter which is characterized (at the same time) by superfluidity and a frozen amorphous structure. J.C. Séamus Davis theorised that frozen helium-4 (at 0.2 K and 50 Atm) may be a superglass

Indian way to learn periodic table

Indian way to learn periodic table!

S-block

How to remember Alkali metal

1. H-- hey
2. Li-  li      
3. Na- na
4. K-- ka
5. Rb- rubi
6. Cs- sey
7. Fr- friendship

How to remember Alkali earth metal

1. Be-beta
2. Mg-mangey
3. Ca-car
4. Sr-shirf
5. Ba-bap
6. Ra-raji

d-block

How to remember 3D

1. Sc-suun
2. Ti-tum
3. V--vivah
4. Cr-(k)carle
5. Mn-mujhse
6. Fr-fir
7. Co-(k)cohi
8. Ni-nehi
9. Cu-(k)cahega
10. Zn-(j)zanu

How to remember 4D

1. Y--ye
2. Zr-zindegi
3. Nb-nehi
4. Mo-mohobbat
5. Tc--tumhari
6. Ru--roh
7. Rh--roh kar
8. Pd--sukaiya
9. Ag--aaj
10. Cd--chadni

How to remember 5D

1. Lf--last
2. Hf--hof
3. Ta--tai
4. W--wrong (answer ke liye)
5. Re-Reham(and)
6. Os-Osamar
7. Ir--idhar
8. Pt--pitai
9. Au--aur
10. Hg--hogi

How to remember 6D

1. Ac-accha
2. Rf--Rafikul
3. Db-debolina
4. Sg-sagar(er)
5. Bh--bhai
6. Hs--hs(higher secondary) er
7. Mt-moto
8. Ds--duskor
9. Rg--rog ke
10. Cn--chinechilo?

P-block

How to remember group-13

1. B-bapu
2. Al-ali
3. Ga-gaya
4. In-India
5. Tl-Thailand

How to remember group-14

1. C--(k)cartick
2. Si--sib
3. Ge-ganesh
4. Sn-saraswati
5. Pb-parvati

How to remember group-15(nictogens)

1. N--nani
2. P--papa
3. As-ashit
4. Sb-sab
5. Bi-bimar

How to remember group-16(chalcogens)

1. O--osama
2. S--says
3. Se-sorry
4. Te-to
5. Po-police

How to remember group-17(halogens)

1. F--faltu
2. Cl-class
3. Br-boring
4. I--instructor
5. At-attack

How to remember group-18(noble gas)

1. He-hay
2. Ne-na
3. Ar-amir
4. Kr-ka
5. Xe-xerox
6. Rn-rancho

f-block

How to remember Lanthanide elements

1. Ce-cey
2. Pr-prothom
3. Nd-nondinir
4. Pm-prem
5. Sm-samne
6. Eu-europian
7. Gd-gadda
8. Tb-tabole
9. Dy-darale
10. Ho-hobe
11. Er-ar
12. Tm-tumi
13. Yb-ai bhabe
14. Lu-lukoccho

How to remember Actinide elements

1. Th-tahole
2. Pa-parar
3. U--upor
4. Np-nojor
5. Pu-police er
6. Am-amon
7. Cm-chilo (jate kono)
8. Bk-bodmas
9. Cf-chor
10. Es-eshe
11. Fm-faltu(nijeder)
12. Md-moddhe
13. No-na
14. Lr-lorte pare

These elements are no needed to know--Nh, Fl, Mc, Lv, Ts, Og

VISIT THIS SITE ALSO--https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-Indian-way-to-learn-Periodic-table/answer/Suman-Naskar-86?prompt_topic_bio=1